InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. on this page. Engage with our community. Enigma: Why the fight to break Nazi encryption still matters. This is the Enigma machine that enabled secret Nazi communications. Efforts to break that encoding system ultimately helped make D- Day possible. Andrew Hoyle/CNET. It was night when three British sailors and a 1. U- boat off the coast of Egypt. A spotlight shone on them from the HMS Petard, the Royal Navy destroyer that had hunted down the German submarine and now slowly circled the vessel. The U- boat's commander lay dead below the hatch as water poured in from a crack in the hull. The four men began searching the ship, but not for survivors. They were looking for codebooks. These red- covered guides were vital to breaking a diabolical code that made Nazi radio messages unintelligible. The Germans had been using a typewriter- like machine to encrypt their communications.
They called it Enigma and were sure the code was unbreakable. The British were determined to prove them wrong. Wading past bodies through slowly rising water, First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seamen Colin Grazier and Kenneth Lacroix, and young Tommy Brown found the captain's quarters and began searching drawers and breaking into cabinets. They found two codebooks written in red, water- soluble ink: the Short Weather Cipher, used to condense weather reports into a seven- letter message, and the Short Signal Book, used to report convoy sightings, along with other documents. Spyhunter 4.28 Crack [Keygen + Serial + Final] 2017 Download. Spyhunter 4 Crack provides something that is practical that is complete. The spyware security suite.While Grazier and Fasson continued to search below, Brown carried the books up the ladder of the sub's conning tower to awaiting boat. They were racing against time as seawater poured into the submarine. On his third trip up the ladder, Brown called for his shipmates to come up, too - - but it was too late. U- 5. 59 sank before Fasson and Grazier could escape that night in October 1. As Hugh Sebag- Montefiore recounts in "Enigma: The Battle for the Code," their bravery helped changed the course of World War II. The U- boat codes created by Enigma were especially hard to break, and the Allies found themselves locked out for weeks or months at a time. But several months after they recovered the codebooks from U- 5. March 1. 9, 1. 94. Britain's Bletchley Park broke through into U- boats' Enigma- coded messages and were never fully locked out again. From then on, their efforts only improved. By September of that year, the Allies were reading encrypted U- boat messages within 2. The breakthrough allowed the Allies to decrypt detailed field messages on German defenses in Normandy, the site of the impending D- Day invasion. And the machines themselves advanced the world's technology - - pushing forward ideas about computer programming and memory."I'd call it the key to computing," says Ralph Simpson, a retired computer expert and amateur Enigma historian. The years since have given us a cat- and- mouse game between codebreakers and cryptographers, with each side trying to outwit the other. Those battles are still raging. But they're no longer confined to blackboards and spinning rotors on crude computers. They move at the speed of electrons flowing through your computer's processor. Today's computer- enabled encryption - - technology that scrambles what unauthorized viewers see - - is so complex that computers can't break it unless it's been used incorrectly. It's so powerful that the US government and others have tried to legally require tech companies to unlock their own encryption, as was the case with Apple and the government last year over a terrorist's locked i. Phone. And today's encryption is so useful that dissidents, spies and terrorists rely on it to protect their conversations. The innovation won't stop. Future advances in quantum computing might be able to crack even perfectly implemented encryption. That's led mathematicians to pre- emptively try to make encryption even stronger. It's a cycle without end in sight. Encryption everywhere. Before the internet wove its way into our lives, encryption was pretty much something businesses and governments used to protect sensitive data, like financial documents and Social Security records. Mostly it was banks, diplomatic services and the military who used cryptography throughout history," says Bill Burr, a retired cryptographer from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The internet increased the use of encryption, as business and governments sent information over networks that hackers and spies could easily intercept. But few regular people went out of their way to use encryption as part of daily life. Maybe your paranoid friend would encrypt his email, forcing you to use extra software to read it. That changed after disclosures by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who in the summer of 2. Though we were told the programs weren't designed to target Americans, the disclosures forced us to ask how much information we want to put on the internet - - and potentially expose. The tech industry has tried to address the problem by offering us another option: encrypting as much of our lives as we can. What's made this possible was the Engima, and the men, women, mathematicians, computer scientists and linguists who ultimately beat it. This is their story. A mystery inside an Enigma. Now Playing: Watch this. This is how the Nazi Enigma machine works. The Enigma has a surprisingly understated design for being such a deadly tool. It could easily be mistaken for a typewriter with a few extra parts, housed in a plain wooden box. Lifting the lid of an Enigma, a German operator saw what might on first glance seem like two typewriters squished together.One set of keys, closest to the operator, was the actual keyboard to be typed on. . Above it was a second set of keys, laid out just like the keyboard.But when you type on the real keyboard, these letters light up. Type an "a" on the normal keyboard, for example, and "x" lights up above. Windows Media Player Firefox Plugin In Firefox . So if you start typing a word, each letter lights up in code.This was Enigma's genius.The German operators didn't need to understand the complex math or electronics that scrambled what they typed on the keyboard.All they knew was that typing "H- E- L- L- O" would light up as "X- T- Y- A- E," for example.And that's the message they sent around. This jumbling of letters changed each day at midnight, when Nazi commanders would send new settings that Enigma operators would use to turn dials and change the plugs on a board below the keys, all designed to match the day's code. Without the code, the message couldn't be unscrambled. Enigma was so sophisticated it amounted to what's now called a 7. One example of how complex it was: typing the same letters together, like "H- H" (for Heil Hitler") could result in two different letters, like "L- N."That type of complexity made the machines impossible to break by hand, Simpson says. How impossible? If you gave 1. Enigma machine, and they spent 2. Simpson says. Obviously, codebreaking by hand wasn't going to cut it."Because we now have machine encryption for the first time, it took a machine to break it," Simpson says. Equally fascinating is that Nazi military leaders knew, in theory, that someone could develop a machine- assisted way to speed up their code cracking. But they didn't believe their enemies would put in the time and resources needed. They were wrong. A series of tubes. Of course, the UK was very motivated to break the Enigma. German U- boats were sinking hundreds of British ships, costing thousands of lives and choking the country off from vital supplies being shipped from the United States and Canada. What's more, the country was desperate for any advantage in the early days of the war, filled with German bombing campaigns and fears of a land invasion. So resources, manpower and the lives of sailors like Fasson and Glazier were poured into cracking the Enigma codes. The first result of these efforts was the Bombe. Custom- designed by British mathematicians like Alan Turing, Bombes were about the size of three vending machines stacked side by side, with a series of spinning rotators connected in the back by a 2. They were based on the Polish "Bomba" codebreaking machine, which the Poles were forced to abandon in 1. Germany. Housed at a secretive intelligence program on the grounds of manor house Bletchley Park, less than 5. London, and other nearby installations, the Bombes were run by teams of Navy women. Each of the Bombe's rotators had letters on it and, as they spun, the machine tested possible solutions to a given Enigma code much faster than a human could. What You Need to Know When Recording Your Enemies. Trump was in the news recently for possibly taping conversations in the oval office. But can you do that? Turns out the answer is kinda complicated. If you’re thinking of secretly recording a conversation with someone, you should probably read this first. Whether you’re recording a phone call, an in- person conversation, or trying to record the conversations of others, it all comes down to consent and how the federal government, and each state’s individual laws, define that. You might want to capture your enemy’s true nature on tape for all to hear, but here’s the deal: it’s probably illegal. Whether you’re talking to family on Skype or Hangouts, or you’re playing multiplayer games and need …Read more What Federal Law Says. According to the Wiretap Act of 1. U. S. C. § 2. 51. So, for example, recording a conversation with somebody in a bedroom, with the door shut, on private property, without them knowing is technically a federal crime in the loosest sense. There are, however, a few exceptions to this law that create some sizable loopholes. The biggest being the “one- party consent” rule that says you can record people secretly if at least one person in the conversation consents to the recording, or if the person recording is authorized by law to do it (like police with a warrant). If we go back to our bedroom recording, that means you could record your conversation as long as one person—you—consents to it. Sneaky, eh? But here’s the catch: you have to actually be a part of that conversation. If you were simply recording two other people talking while standing nearby and not saying a word, you then have no consent from any of the parties, and thus it would be illegal. You might think you know the rules of the road, but misinformation can spread like wildfire. From…Read more State Laws Can Preempt Federal Law. Federal law does not always reign supreme when it comes to recording conversations in the U. S., though. Twelve states have “two- party (or all- party) consent” laws, meaning you cannot record conversations unless every single person in that conversation gives consent. Those states are: California. Connecticut. Florida. Illinois. Maryland. Massachusetts. Michigan. Montana. Nevada. New Hampshire. Pennsylvania. Washington (not D. C.)If we go back to the secret bedroom recording example, everyone in the room would need to consent to your recording if you were in one of the states listed above. But then it wouldn’t really be a secret recording anymore, would it? While a state’s recording laws usually determine the legality of taping conversations, federal law takes precedence and preempts all state laws if it’s considered to be more protective of privacy. So even if a state did allow secret recordings without any consent, federal law would preempt that state’s laws. If a picture is worth a thousand words, video of the unbelievably stupid things you see on the road …Read more Location, Location, Location. The other important aspect to consider is where you’re recording your conversation. The federal Wiretap Act promises a “reasonable expectation” of privacy, so there’s some wiggle room there. A closed- off bedroom in a private home is a reasonable place to expect privacy, so taping there can be risky, even with the power of one- party consent. If there was a party being thrown in that house, however, things could be a little different. Litigator Deborah C. Logan explains: Whether one has a reasonable expectation of privacy in a given situation depends upon the context: Was the conversation in a public or private location? Did the individual being recorded treat the subject matter as private? A person who is bragging at a party about cheating a friend in a business deal cannot later object to the introduction of a recording of this admission as evidence in a lawsuit filed by his ex- friend. As you can see, public locations open things up a tad. Secretly recording a conversation at a park or train station is perfectly legal if you’re in a one- party consent state and part of the conversation. But it’s still illegal in a two- party consent state. And the definition of “safe places to record” changes on a state- by- state, case- by- case basis. Public places are almost always safe, but the definition of public place can get stretched sometimes. For example, a privately owned business office may seem like a private location, but some states, like Florida, do not “recognize an absolute right to privacy in a party’s office or place of business.” That doesn’t mean you should go secretly recording your mean boss, though, since it can still be illegal depending on where you are, what’s being said, and how it’s being said. You also have to be careful about recording phone calls, especially if you’re talking with someone who’s in a state with different laws than yours. If you live in New York, a one- party state, and want to record a phone call with someone in California, a two- party state, you need to have their consent in addition to the consent you’ve automatically granted. If you use an app like Total Recall on Android or Tape a Call on i. OS, you need to double- check that you’re not recording all calls by default and accidentally taping people illegally. Dear Lifehacker. I get bad customer service from companies time and again over the phone, and…Read more Audio and Video Aren’t the Same Thing, but Can Be Intertwined. Video recording law is different from audio recording law—and a topic for another time—but it’s important to know what those differences are. Generally speaking, you have the right to record video in all public spaces without need of consent. A public space is defined as anywhere any member of the public can legally access, so public transit facilities, parks, streets, etc. Recording video on private property, though, is up to the discretion of the property owner, private security, or police, but secret video recordings are illegal on all private property in some states, like California. But here’s the most important part: recording video of a conversation in public might be legal, but recording audio along with that video is not if you’re in a two- party state. For example, recording a video of your heated conversation with a surly sales associate is illegal in all two- party states if they don’t give you permission to record them. Even in one- party states, recording video like that is dubious at best. You do, however, have the right to record video and audio of police officers or public officials performing official duties if they are in public places. That said, you may only do so as long as you are not interfering with those activities or violating other laws in the process. You share music, rip DVDs, make Hitler whine about your first world problems, and much more in the…Read more What Happens If You Get Caught. If you get busted secretly recording conversations, you could face jail time, fines, or even be sued. The federal Wiretap Act lists a possible sentence of five years in prison with a fine of $5. But that’s usually in addition to the state law’s being violated. Getting busted in California (Cal. Penal Code § 6. 31.), for example, can net you another year in prison and a $2,5. Also, most states let the non- consenting party who was recorded sue you for damages, which could be much worse than those other fines. When In Doubt, Follow These Tips. If you’re thinking of recording a conversation, do yourself a favor and follow these tips from the Digital Media Law Project: Check local laws first: Always know what your state’s recording laws are before you do anything, and double check laws if you’re recording calls from out of state. Do you need everyone’s consent? Or just yours? Where are you recording? Know what consent looks like, and get it before you record: Consent is best when it’s verbal and part of your recording, but give a preemptive warning as well. Notify the other parties that you intend to record your interaction, wait to record until they agree, begin recording, then ask for permission again on tape. Don’t be sneaky: I know, you’d probably love to catch a cheater red handed, or record your boss sexually harassing you, but those types of secret recordings can seriously backfire. More often than not, the recordings are usually deemed illegal and inadmissible in court, then you get busted for breaking the law and sued by the person you were hoping to take down.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |